Consequentialistic and Virtue ethics

Consequentialistic and Virtue morals Graham (2000) takes note of that, â€Å"consequentialism hypothesis expresses that each conduct ought to be taken to expand happiness† (p.143).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Consequentialistic and Virtue morals explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hurthouse (2000) includes that ,â€Å"consequentialism alludes to moral speculations that hold that the results of a specific activity structure the reason for any substantial good judgment about that activity or make a structure for judgment†(p.5).In different words, as long as the finished result is acceptable, the activity is additionally named as great. Hurtson (2000) states that, â€Å"this hypothesis works under the standard of the end legitimizes the mean† (p.5). Graham (2004) additionally includes that, â€Å"a ethically right activity is one that creates a decent result or consequence† (p.144). How Consequentialistic Theory might be utilized by Eastern Producers Th e Eastern material businesses make numerous material products.These material items are then utilized locally and others are sent out. Wang Zhang (2008) takes note of that, â€Å"the material enterprises in the Eastern nations and explicitly in China have raised a great deal of questions with the Western countries† (p.134). In order to legitimize its activities, China can utilize the consequentialism hypothesis. To begin with, the material business in China has advanced the nearby economy and the GDP to a huge degree. Chow (2007) noticed that, â€Å"textile industry in China is a customary column industry and a business industry as it is a significant wellspring of China’s remote trade winning and capital accumulation† (p.323). Wang Zhang (2008) additionally note that, â€Å"China’s material industry is accepted to have set low costs for its items in significant global markets, and hence improves the genuine pay level of buyers who purchase their commodit ies†(p.323). The material businesses in China have additionally made work for a decent number of individuals. Chow (2007) takes note of that, â€Å"China industry has utilized in excess of twenty million individuals and is of extraordinary advantage to in excess of a thousand cotton farmers† (p.323).Advertising Looking for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brown et al. (2005) takes note of that, â€Å"the commitment of the material business to by and large yield and business pulled in extensive consideration the same number of material factories are state-claimed undertakings with significant workforces that legitimately adds to the neighborhood economy† (p. 30). Earthy colored et al. (2005) likewise takes note of that, â€Å"China goes about as both a noteworthy exporter and shipper of fleece material items with exchange streams adjusting various fragments of the ma rket† (p. 31).Thus, we can see that the material business in China offers respect a positive result, thus its activities are legitimized by the consequentialism hypothesis. Also, China’s material industry produces garments that are modest and of good quality to its clients. Chow (2007) noticed that, â€Å"the material ventures in China unravel in excess of ten billion household inhabitants dress issue† (p.323). Earthy colored et al (2005) additionally takes note of that, â€Å"the exchange debates between the United States of America and China can barely prevent the American shoppers from purchasing material items from China as they are of acceptable quality† (p.324). Therefore, obviously China’s material industry augments the joy of its shoppers by furnishing them with reasonable and strong items, thus the consequentialism hypothesis remains constant. Thirdly, the material businesses in China have prompted China being perceived as the second bigges t economy. Chow (2007) takes note of that, â€Å"over the years, China’s economy has incredibly developed and China has been perceived as the world’s predominant provider in material ventures just as the second biggest economy globally† (p.310). Earthy colored et al. (2005) additionally noticed that, â€Å"textile industry is in a consistent condition of motion because of monetary development as request patters and gracefully conditions change† (p.30).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Consequentialistic and Virtue morals explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moore (2002) likewise takes note of that, â€Å"the China material industry has delighted in much advantages under the Multi Fiber Agreement (MFA) and in this manner can possibly perform better monetarily in a worldwide situation â€Å"(p.182). Yager (2005) additionally noticed that, â€Å"China is required to be the biggest economy in the following decade† (p. 10). Earthy colored et al. (20050 additionally takes note of that, â€Å"textile sends out in China has expanded and covers misfortunes in parts like horticulture and vehicle fabricating which don't reasonable well† (p.30). From these contentions, it’s clear that the material ventures have enabled the nation financially. As this is a positive result that is of incredible advantage to both the residents and the nation, at that point by consequentialism hypothesis, China’s creation of modest materials is supported. At long last, the material business in China has prompted a higher overall revenue in the retail exchange. Moore (2002) takes note of that, â€Å"China has brought down import obligations which builds the seriousness of Chinese completed goods† (p. 182). Chow (2007) states that, â€Å"by the US moving innovation and assembling enterprises to China, a significant expense of Chinese imports to the US customers will go to US dealers and wholes alers, with the goal that the benefits of selling Chinese items in the Us market will add to US GNP† (p. 323). Earthy colored et al. (2005) additionally takes note of that, â€Å"China delivers high caliber and low cost goods† (p.323). Accordingly, retailers can purchase these items and sell them at a more significant expense. Along these lines, the material business benefits the retailers by and large and this makes the material business in China defended. How the Consequentialistic Ethic might be utilized by Western Consumer Groups The consequentialistic ethic can likewise be utilized by the Western customer bunches in their restriction against the creation of modest materials by enterprises in China. To begin with, Chow (2007) takes note of that, â€Å"textile industry causes genuine natural contamination because of the printing and the coloring that happens in industries† (p.323).Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The western nations can contend that because of creation of modest materials, there is normally appeal of the material items which prompts expanded creation. Expanded creation then again increments natural contamination. Since ecological contamination influences the strength of people, at that point it doesn't make satisfaction human beings.According to the consequentialism hypothesis, the exercises of the material enterprises in China do yield an adverse effect and along these lines their activities are not defended. Furthermore, the creation of modest materials by businesses in China has prompted a defeat of the Western material ventures. This is so a result of the accessibility of China’s materials in their nation which makes the vast majority like to purchase the China materials. Yager (2005) states that, â€Å"China’s material items have caused a lot of interruption in the market and are a danger to a precise improvement of exchange the US and EU† (P.30).Thi s has been a reason for caution in these nations. Yager (2005) takes note of that, â€Å"the US have needed to look for help from a Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreement (CITA) to concoct manners by which the effect of China’s material items can be minimized† (p.30). Earthy colored et al. (2005) takes note of that, â€Å"CITA has laid techniques on the most proficient method to control China’s trades in the US† (P.324). From these contentions, obviously China’s material industry has made numerous negative marks than benefits the American economy. Along these lines, the exercises of the China’s material industry are not legitimized by the consequentialism hypothesis as they don't make satisfaction the American populace. At long last, the Western nations have needed to move their innovation and assembling enterprises toward the Eastern nations. Chow (2007) states that, â€Å"the US government has needed to move remote speculat ions and innovation to China to adapt to the opposition in material industries† (p.323). This development makes individuals to be outsiders in another nation while they could remain and appreciate with their family members and companion in their own nation. Since this is anything but an ideal result to the individuals in Western nations, at that point as per the consequentialism hypothesis, the exercises of China’s material enterprises are not supported. The Merits of the Consequentialism Theory given that it can Support Both Sides The consequentialism hypothesis has numerous benefits over different morals speculations. Anderson (1995) takes note of that, â€Å"the consequentialistic hypothesis vows to give a solitary, basic reason and determinate methodology of support that utilizes target figuring to defeat disagreements about what to do† (p.440. China can legitimize its activity of delivering modest materials because of the positive results that its exercises yield by making a reason and defending it. For example China guarantees that its assembling of modest material items assists with improving the economy and the GDP. Since this is a positive result, at that point by the determinate strategy, the exercises of China’s material industry are advocated. Then again, the Western nations will pick a reason like, creation of modest items by China’s material businesses cause environm

Environmental Impact of Prescribed burning in the United States Essay Example for Free

Ecological Impact of Prescribed consuming in the United States Essay The term endorsed consuming alludes to an administration practice in which fire is utilized to consume a foreordained region under determined ecological conditions.â Burning for this situation is utilized as an administration instrument in territories that are defenseless against bursting into flames because of the ground spread that goes about as fuel load. What's more, consuming is viewed as the most ecologically benevolent and least expensive strategy for having woody development in a biological system controlled.â Prescribed consuming in the United States is normal. In this type of consuming, controlled flames are utilized to consume a predefined land region after appropriate arranging which guarantees that the current climate conditions are positive for the consuming. At the point when climate conditions are not reasonable for the consume, negative effect of the fire in the consumed zones is probably going to be seen (Dale et al, 2009).â In the United States, recommended consuming is viewed as a significant administration device because of the advantages related with it.â Both the landowners and the United States National Forest System have been utilizing endorsed consuming for a long time. As indicated by the United States fire approach corresponding to the woods biological system, there is have to attempt recommended consuming so as to improve the development of business timberlands, forestall rapidly spreading fire harm and to upgrade fire subordinate ecosystems.â However, endorsed consuming has been condemned for its negative effect on the earth. For example, recommended copying results to the freeing from land or utilization of land for horticultural exercises that effectsly affect the environment.â In this paper, the effect of endorsed copying on the earth in the United States will be discussed.â The paper will concentrate on the impact of recommended copying ashore after it is cleared by recommended fires.â Land clearing that outcomes from the copying impacts contrarily on the vegetation, soil, water and biodiversity. Proposition In the United States endorsed consuming is made essential by the conditions in the timberland environments or farms. The consuming targets forestalling fierce blazes that can harm appropriately or lead to death of the individuals if the fuel load on the ground empowers wild fires.â what's more, the United States national timberland framework embraces endorsed consuming exercises because of the biological advantages that consuming provides for the forests.â The national backwoods framework partners recommended consuming to the decrease of out of control fire dangers, land improvement, game environment upgrade, creepy crawly and malady the executives and site groundwork for reforestation (Biswell, 1999). Instances of zones that have experienced recommended consuming exercises incorporate the California wild grounds, Florida Flatwoods and the Southern eastern US National Forest.â It is essential to understand that albeit endorsed consuming in these territories has its advantages to the biological system and the individuals; it likewise impacts contrarily on the earth after some time. Negative natural effect of endorsed consuming happens in spite of the way that recommended consuming is arranged in a way that limits negative impacts of consuming on the environment.â This has made the issue of endorsed consuming to turn into a subject of discussion in the nation .While some think about recommended copying to lessen negative effect of out of control fires on the earth, copying can likewise affect adversely on the environment.â Land clearing that outcome from the copying has negative impact on the earth. Conversation Negative effect of Prescribed consuming on vegetation in the wake of freeing from land Endorsed consuming outcomes to the freeing from land in a foreordained region as the fire consumes the fuel load.â The consuming has both circuitous and direct negative impacts after land clearing by the fire.â Land clearing thus effectsly affects the vegetation, water, soil and untamed life. The negative effect of endorsed consuming in the United States has been seen in certain regions in light of the fact that recommended consuming has become a significant action in the nation. Consistently, a huge number of hectares are scorched. Albeit different strategies for consuming are utilized consume the vegetation spread in the foreordained territories, fires annihilate the current vegetation by either harming or slaughtering the whole plant or parts of the plant.â This relies upon the length that the fire consumes or the power of the fire.â Prescribed consuming dependent on the cut decrease technique results to the decrease of flotsam and jetsam. This strategy is likewise used to lessen garbage if there should arise an occurrence of a characteristic occasion or street construction.â When the executives touched off fire is utilized, the consuming of a stand that has been set up is done while guaranteeing that fire doesn't spread past the foreordained territory. While little trees are totally singed during the consuming, bigger trees may endure the flames however a portion of their trees might be destroyed.â When flames are touched off, the consuming backwoods powers increment the temperatures which make it hard for the vegetation to endure. Since with regards to consuming the temperature of the vegetation and that of the air are significant, individuals who have the duty to light flames ought to do it when the air and vegetation temperatures can't empower fires that can effectsly affect the environment.â For example, endorsed fires in the United States during winter top slaughter the hard woods while hardwood rootstocks are executed by summer consumes. In zones where consuming has not been accomplished for a long-term, profound natural layer that collects during endorsed consuming prompts the cambial harm of trees. Since just little warmth is required to demolish the plant cells in developing plants, consuming the vegetation executes developing plants. This prompts the short and long haul obliteration of the vegetation which after some time opens land to changes that sway contrarily on the great states of the earth. One present moment and long haul effect of endorsed consuming in the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National stops in the United States is the adjustment in species organization (Mary Berth, 2000).â This change modifies appropriate working of the environment since it prompts the development of new species while those that prior existed and are not open minded to fire before the fire neglect to recover. These two parks are situated in California’s South Nevada areas.â The parks spread around 864, 383 sections of land of land and recommended consuming in these two parks was made fundamental by the longing to start environmental advantages in the parks.â The two parks endorsed fire programs were created in 1969 and keeps on being actualized so as to diminish fuel danger issue that may result from overwhelming surface fuel loads.â Though the flames have been utilized to decrease the harm that may result from serious out of control fires, change in species organization because of the freeing from land by flames has throughout the years been seen in the parks. Flames have constrained the development of species that are not open minded to the fire touched off over a long time.â For example, the expansion in relative thickness of the monster Sequoia because of endorsed fires over quite a while has adjusted the development and endurance of some other plant species.â The fruitful fire systems reclamation in the parks has supported the recovery of the species that are fire-adjusted to the detriment of the species that are less-adjusted to fire.â The decrease of fuel load and the rebuilding of woods structure after the flames modify the number and example of development of plant species.â The parks have conifer backwoods commanded by the sequoia species. The adjustment in the species number in a timberland biological system influences the best possible working of the regular biological system and this may prompt exposed ground and soil disintegration when plants and creatures that advance legitimate working of the environment are dispensed with from the earth. In naturally touchy territories in the United States, recommended fires have effectsly affected the recovery and endurance of plant species.â For instance, the riparian zones in a woods system.â An investigation completed to decide the impact of endorsed fire on the riparian zones in the Dark Canyon region demonstrated that the fire devoured 90 percent of the ground fuel, 79 percent of the riparian zone pre-fire fuel, and 34 percent of the absolute surface fuel.â The fire fundamentally decreased the rate front of the surface vegetation (Beche et al, 2005). When contrasted with the unburned territories, the consumed zone indicated an adjustment in the plant taxa lavishness after the recovery of vegetation.â The decrease in plant taxa spread and wealth changed the under story riparian vegetation network structure. These progressions show that when a region encounters recommended consuming for quite a while, vanishing of certain species can prompt decrease in the level of vegetative spread. In the California Oak forests, the Native Americans utilized fire to have the Oak forest vegetation altered.â Prescribed flames are considered to diminish the under story woody vegetation and have the tree thickness is lowered.â After the flames, recovery may result to development of vegetation in patches.â Since the settlement of Euro-Americans in the region, endorsed fire lighted in an environment to make land for domesticated animals farms has evacuated the vegetation spread and rather promising the development of plant species that are useful for scrounge creation. The woody vegetation in the region has been affected.Eventually, diminished vegetation spread has made it simple for soil to be presented to either wind or downpour erosion.Prescribed fires in Oregon’s Mixed †conifer woodlands of Crater Lake throughout the years have adjusted species creation by slaughtering species that are not fireproof while giving positive conditions to the recovery of heat proof species (Agee, 2003).â The Crater Lake National park has in

How to Write a Sample Opinion Essay

How to Write a Sample Opinion EssayIt is normal for a student to be very stressed out when it comes to writing a sample opinion essay. These written essays are a first taste of a student's writing ability and gives them an idea about how much work they have to do to improve their writing skills. Therefore, it is important for students to prepare well for this part of the curriculum.When preparing for a sample opinion essay, a student should not only work on grammar and spelling. Aside from that, he should also write a different opinion or two in order to help him attain high marks. It is also possible for the student to write more than one opinion essay. But, he should have an objective point in mind, which means that he should be able to separate the opinions that are true from those that are false.When writing an opinion essay, a student should have a clear idea on what he wants to say and what he is writing about. In doing so, he can focus more on grammar and spelling as well as t he topics and important aspects of the essay. Some students may need help in this regard. They can ask an older student for help in this aspect. Or, they can seek the assistance of a friend or a teacher in this aspect.Students should also be open to different opinions when it comes to writing an opinion essay. However, he should not be intimidated by others' opinions especially if he is not an expert in this area. Most of the time, the opinions that are offered are true, but one should still read it and then make his own conclusion.These opinions are not necessarily meant to be taken seriously. As long as they are written properly, students should still have fun while working on their samples. With time, they will be able to write their own opinions and thus, they will be able to learn more and become better writers. To know more about writing samples, students can either go online or visit a professional writing tutor.Writing a sample opinion essay is not as easy as writing an ordi nary essay. In fact, it is probably the hardest part of the whole writing process. Therefore, a student should never stop trying to improve himself while writing these opinions.The best way to avoid writing a poor opinion essay is to study well and practice. If a student is unable to understand the topic at hand or the essay is written poorly, he should change his opinion or decide not to write the sample opinion essay in the first place.In the end, the main goal of a student who writes a sample opinion essay is to help other students. He must try to become a good writer in order to achieve this goal. But, if he is unable to write a decent opinion essay, he should still take note of the mistakes and should work hard to be better in the future.

Designing With Feng Shui in Mind

Feng shui (pronounced fung shway) is a learned and intuitive art of understanding the energy of elements. The goal of this Chinese philosophy is harmony and balance, which some people have compared with the Western Classical ideals of symmetry and proportion. Feng is wind and shui is water. Danish architect Jà ¸rn Utzon combined these two forces of wind (feng) and water (shui) in his Australian masterpiece, the Sydney Opera House. Seen from this angle,  says Feng Shui Master Lam Kam Chuen, the whole structure has the quality of a craft with full sails: when the energy of the Wind and Water move together in certain directions, this ingenious structure draws that power to itself and to the city that surrounds it. Designers and decorators claim that they can feel the surrounding, universal energy called chi. But architects who incorporate the Eastern philosophy are not guided by intuition alone. The ancient art prescribes lengthy and complex rules that may strike modern homeowners as quirky. For example, your home should not be built at the end of a dead-end road. Round pillars are better than square. Ceilings should be high and well-lit. To further confuse the uninitiated, there are several different ways to practice feng shui: Use a compass or Lo-Pan to establish the most beneficial placement of roomsDraw on information from the Chinese horoscopeExamine the surrounding land forms, streets, streams and buildingsUse high-tech equipment to examine environmental health hazards, such as electromagnetic radiation and toxic materialsUse feng shui principles to help sell your houseUse some variation of a tool called the Ba-Gua -- an octagonal chart outlining the most favorable placement for roomsManipulate surrounding chi with appropriate colors or objects like a spherical sculpture Yet even the most baffling practices have a basis in common sense. For example, feng shui principles warn that a kitchen door should not face the stove. The reason? A person working at the stove may instinctively want to glance back at the door. This creates a feeling of unease, which can lead to accidents. Feng Shui and Architecture: Feng Shui teaches us how to create healthy harmonious environments, says Stanley Bartlett, who has used the centuries-old art to design homes and businesses. The ideas date back at least 3,000 years, yet a growing number of architects and decorators are integrating feng shui ideas with contemporary building design. For new construction, feng shui can be integrated into the design, but what about remodeling? The solution is the creative placement of objects, colors, and reflective materials. When the Trump International Hotel in New York City was remodeled in 1997, feng shui masters Pun-Yin and her father Tin-Sun installed a giant globe sculpture to divert the roundabout traffic energy from Columbus Circle away from the building. In fact, many architects and developers have enlisted the expertise of feng shui masters to add value to their properties. Everything in nature expresses its own energetic force, says Master Lam Kam Chuen. Recognizing this is essential to creating a living environment in which Yin and Yang are balanced. Despite the numerous complicated rules, feng shui adapts to many architectural styles. Indeed, the clean, uncluttered appearance may be your only clue that a home or office building was designed according to feng shui principles. Think of the shape of your house. If its square, a feng shui master may call it Earth, child of Fire and controller of Water. The shape itself expresses the supportive, secure, and stable quality of Earth, says Lam Kam Chuen. Warm tones of yellow and brown are ideal. Fire Shapes Master Lam Kam Chuen describes the famous triangular design of the Sydney Opera House in Australia as a Fire Shape. The irregular triangles of the Sydney Opera House lick the sky like flames, observes Maser Lam. Master Lam also calls St. Basils Cathedral in Moscow a Fire building, filled with an energy that could be as protective as your mother or as fierce as a mighty enemy. Another Fire structure is The Louvre Pyramid designed by Chinese-born architect I.M. Pei. It is a superb Fire structure, writes Master Lam, drawing down intense energy from the heavens—and making this site a prodigious attraction for visitors. It is perfectly balanced with the Water structure of the Louvre. Fire buildings are generally triangular in shape, like flames, while Water buildings are horizontal, like flowing water. Metal and Wood Shapes The architect shapes space with materials. Feng shui integrates and balances both shapes and materials. Round structures, like geodesic domes, have the energetic quality of Metal moving consistently and safely inward—the ideal design for shelters, according to Feng Shui Master Lam Kam Chuen. Rectangular buildings, like most skyscrapers, express growth, expansiveness, and power typical of Wood. Wood energy expands in all directions. In the vocabulary of feng shui, the word wood refers to the shape of the structure, not the building material. The tall, linear  Washington Monument may be described as a wood structure, with energy moving every which way.   Master Lam offers this assessment of the monument: Its spear-like power emanates in all direction, affecting the Capitol building of the Congress, the Supreme Court, and the White house. Like a mighty sword raised in the air, it is a constant, silent presence: those who live and work within its reach will often find themselves subject to internal disturbance and their ability to make decisions blocked. Earth Shapes and the Smudgers The American Southwest is an exciting juxtaposition of historic pueblo architecture and what many people consider tree-hugging modern ideas about ecology. A vibrant, local community of ecothinkers—people whose environmental thoughts direct their behaviors—have been associated with the area for decades. Frank Lloyd Wrights Experiment in Desert Living is perhaps the most famous example. It seems that this region has an unusual number of architects, builders, and designers committed to ecoversity—energy-efficient, earth-friendly, organic, sustainable design. What we call Southwest Desert Design today is known to combine futuristic thinking with a profound respect for ancient Native American concepts—not only building materials, like adobe, but also feng shui-like Native American activities such as smudging being incorporated into everyday life. Bottom Line on Feng Shui: So, if you are stuck in your career or have trouble in your love life, the root of your problems may be in the design of your home and the misguided energy that surrounds you. Professional feng shui design suggestions can only help, say practitioners of this ancient Chinese philosophy. One way to get your life in balance is to get your architecture in balance. Learn More: Feng Shui Handbook: How to Create a Healthier Living and Working Environment by Master Lam Kam Chuen, Holt, 1996The Architecture of Happiness by Alain De Botton, 2006Understanding Architcture by Robert McCarter and Juhani Pallasmaa, Phaidon, 2012 Sources: Feng Shui Handbook by Master Lam Kam Chuen, Holt, 1996, pp. 70-71, 33-37, 79, 90; Meet Donald Trumps feng shui master by Sasha von Oldershausen, The Guardian, September 13, 2016 [accessed January 14, 2017]

Definition and Examples of Epiphora in Rhetoric

Epiphora—also known as  epistrophe—is a  rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses. Contrast with anaphora (rhetoric). The combination of anaphora and epiphora (that is, the repetition of words or phrases at both the beginning and end of successive clauses) is called symploce. EtymologyFrom the Greek, bringing to Examples and Observations Where now? Who now? When now?- Samuel Beckett, The Unnamable, 1953[T]here is only one thing about which I am certain, and this is that there is very little about which one can be certain.- W. Somerset Maugham, quoted by Laurence Brander in Somerset Maugham: A Guide. Oliver Boyd, 1963Take whatever idiot they have at the top of whatever agency and give me a better idiot. Give me a caring idiot. Give me a sensitive idiot. Just don’t give me the same idiot.†- Aaron Broussard, president of Jefferson Parish, speaking about FEMA Chief Michael Brown, September 6, 2005Im a Pepper, hes a Pepper, shes a Pepper, were a Pepper. Wouldnt you like to be a Pepper, too? Dr. Pepper.- Advertising jingle for Dr. Peppper soft drinkWe deal in illusions, man. None of it is true! But you people sit there, day after day, night after night—also known asall ages, colors, creeds.Youre beginning to believe the illusions were spinning here! Youre beginning to think that the tube is reality and that your own lives are unreal. You do whatever the tube tells you.You dress like the tube.You eat like the tube.You raise your children like the tube.You even think like the tube.This is mass madness, you maniacs! In Gods name, you people are the real thing. We are the illusion!- Peter Finch as television anchorman Howard Beale in Network, 1976Success hasn’t changed Frank Sinatra. When he was unappreciated and obscure, he was hot-tempered, egotistical, extravagant, and moody. Now that he is rich and famous, he is still hot-tempered, egotistical, extravagant, and moody.- Dorothy Kilgallen, 1959 newspaper columnThere is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.- Bill ClintonIve gotta be your damn conscience. Im tired of being your conscience. I dont enjoy being your conscience.- Dr. Wilson to Dr. House in HouseShes safe, just like I promised. Shes all set to marry Norrington, just like she promised. And you get to die for her, just like yo u promised.- Jack Sparrow, Pirates of the CaribbeanAnd now when I sway to a fitful wind, alone and listing, I will think, maple key. When I see a photograph of earth from space, the planet so startlingly painterly and hung, I will think, maple key. When I shake your hand or meet your eyes I will think, two maple keys. If I am a maple key falling, at least I can twirl.- Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, 1974 Epiphora and Parallel Structures Epiphora can be combined with parallelism, as in the following expression attributed to both [Abraham] Lincoln and P. T. Barnum: You can fool some of the people all of the time and all of the people some of the time, but you cant fool all of the people all of the time.- James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Sage, 2001 Shakespeares Use of Epiphora Then, since this earth affords no joy to meBut to command, to check, to o’erbear suchAs are of better person than myself,I’ll make my heaven to dream upon the crown;And, whiles I live, to account this world but hell,Until my mis-shap’d trunk that bears this headBe round impaled with a glorious crown.And yet I know not how to get the crown,For many lives stand between me and home.- Gloucester in William Shakespeares The Third Part of King Henry the Sixth, Act 3, scene 2 Fie, fie, thou shamest thy shape, thy love, thy wit,Which, like a userer, aboundst in all,And uses none in that true sense indeedWhich should bedeck thy shape, thy love, thy wit.- Friar Laurence in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, scene 3 Polyptoton and Epiphora A form of epiphora . . . can be created by way of polyptoton (variations on a word). An ad for Suffolk University features the statement, Politics is your life. Now make it your living (life and living are both derived from the Old English word libban). Epiphora can be combined with parallelism, as in the following expression attributed to both Lincoln and P.T. Barnum: You can fool some of the people all of the time and all of the people some of the time, but you cant fool all of the people all of the time.- James Jasinkski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric: Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies. Sage, 2001 Pronunciation: ep-i-FOR-ah

Benefits Of Feeding Breast Milk Essay - 908 Words

There are several benefits of feeding breast milk; they are lower risk of infectious disease, ear infection, allergic rhinitis, asthma, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), childhood obesity, upper respiratory tract infection and diarrhea episode (Neifer Bunik, 2013; Pineda, 2011). The total costs of the burden of not breastfeeding is around 13 billion dollars in the United States (Bonia, Twells, Halyard, Ludlow, Newhook Murphy, 2013). There exist racial and ethnic disparity in breastfeeding in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) African American population breastfeeding rate is 58.9% compared to Caucasian American is 75.2%. There are several barriers to initiation and continuation of breastfeeding behavior from birth till six months; they are: soreness of nipple, mother’s own views on breastfeeding, lacks family and social support, delivery type, number of pregnancies, use of any illicit drugs, premature newborn, age of a mo ther, illnesses of a mother and infant, real and perceived milk insufficiency, convenience of Women Infant children (WIC) formula, delayed intervention to breastfeeding problems, lacks breastfeeding information, lacks follow up after discharge, early introduction of solid food, perception of normal infant behavior, lacks knowledge about pumping breast milk, lacks support from health care provider, mothers education level and maternal occupation (Cabieses, Waiblinger, Santorelli McEachan, 2014;Show MoreRelatedEssay on Breast-Feeding vs Formula876 Words   |  4 Pagesa mother and family can make is the option of breast milk or formula. In a growing society where mothers are given dirty looks for nursing in public, or media outlets rage in disapproval to mothers that share nursing stories, it almost seems crazy not to pick up a bottle and feed a child. Our society has made formula feeding a â€Å"norm† and had turned its back to mothers that ponder the choice of breast-feed ing. This is a complete shame; breast-feeding is a natural practice of human development. Read MoreWhat is Breast Feeding? Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is breast feeding? Feeding the baby with naturally produced milk, from the mother’s breasts is called breast feeding. This milk is produced from the ducts located in the females’ breasts. This process of feeding the baby is also called lactation. This process can continue for more than six months. Some babies are too dependent on lactation. Their mothers are able to produce natural milk for several months. The span of production of breast milk depends quite on the demands of the baby and itsRead MoreThe Benefits Of Breast Feeding902 Words   |  4 Pages The Benefits of Breast Feeding Since the invention of formula mothers have had trouble deciding how best to go about feeding their children. Each mother has their own preferred feeding technique, some of whom chose to use both feeding methods depending on the situation. For some mothers breast feeding is not a viable option for reasons such as lactation issues, busy schedules, and secondary care givers (Health Psychology). For those mothers whom are able and willing to breast feed their infantsRead MoreBreast Feding vs. Formula Feeding862 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Feeding vs. Formula Feeding There are advantages and disadvantages to both breastfeeding and formula feeding. Some things to consider when deciding which to choose are: cost, convenience, nutrition, and the health benefits to both the baby and to the mother. In terms of cost, an advantage to breastfeeding is that breast milk is free. Its estimated that breastfeeding can save you thousands of dollars a year, depending on the brand of formula that would have been used instead. AccordingRead MoreChoosing Your Newborn First Food Can Feel Like A Challenging Dilemma962 Words   |  4 Pagesand existing moms each agreed that breastfeeding provides an array of benefits that surpasses the alternative feeding options. Stores nationwide are stocked with various brands of formula all claiming to contain the conducive various nutrients of breast milk. In comparison to store-bought formulas and its many facets, breastfeeding is the overall best adequate source for most newborn growth and development. Furthermore, Breast milk is naturally gentle on a newborns digestive system. Also it is a convenientRead MoreBreast Feeding Versus Bottle Feeding886 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Feeding Versus Bottle Feeding There are many different myths and opinions about breast-feeding and how it is beneficial for a child, some women and even men choose to view the breast as a sexual object, although in reality it is meant for the purpose of nourishing an infant. As for the other half of women around the world, many believe breast-feeding is the most natural way to feed a child as they receive the vitamins and minerals a youngster needs to grow up strong. Breast-Feeding and BottleRead MoreThe Health Benefits Of Breast Feeding1451 Words   |  6 Pagestwo choices, breastfeeding or bottle/formula feeding. Breast feeding is simply the baby sucking milk from the mother’s breasts, while formula feeding is manufactured food fed to the baby with a bottle. There are arguments for and against one or the other, but which is actually better? Below we will examine the pros and cons of both methods, in an effort to understand if one is truly better than the other. First we will look at the pros of Breast-feeding. According to the Office on Women’s Health,Read MoreBreast Feeding Vs. The Bottle1326 Words   |  6 PagesBreast-feeding vs. The Bottle: The Decision is yours â€Å"Some mothers have to give up breastfeeding even though they want to breastfeed. To give up breastfeeding can be a sensitive issue in a time when breastfeeding is promoted as the healthiest for mother and child† (Larsen Kronborg, 2013, p. 848). The debate over whether breast-feeding is better than bottle-feeding or vice versa has been a debate for many years. With more and more research that is continuously being developed, the option to breast-feedRead More Breast Feeding vs Formula Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pages Breast-feeding is nutritionally, emotionally and physically superior for a mother and her child. â€Å"Human breast milk is not standard nor is it interchangeable with cow’s milk. It is a dynamic fluid that changes in composition to meet the needs of the baby as it grows† (â€Å"Giving your Baby... Diet.† par. #10). Breast milk contains growth factors and antibodies which stimulate the growing baby and protect it from illness such as diarrhea, ear infections, rashes, allergies, asthma, skin problems, pneumoniaRead MoreEssay Breast Feeding Is Best1577 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Feeding Is Best Breast feeding not only provides the perfect food and food delivery system for infants, it is also the most family friendly choice a new mother can make. Human breast milk contains at least one hundred ingredients not found in cows milk and that cannot be exactly duplicated in commercial formulas (Eisenburg 3). As a baby grows and changes, breast milk automatically individualizes itself for each infant. The nutrients in breast milk alter

Employment Growth and Equality Samples for Studetns-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Advocacy of Employer association in regards to Penalty Rates and their Implications in reduction of Penalty Rates for Employment Growth and Equality. Answer: Introduction Industrial success depends on strong positive mutual understanding between management and employees regarding collective bargaining by trade union. The dynamic domain of enterprise industrial relations incorporates various union and industrial relations concepts that can enhance worker employer relationships (Ferner, 2012). Before 19th century workers in Australia did not have legal term to fight against their rights in company regarding negotiation in wages increment, rights of decision power, working hours and regarding other disputes. Industrial workers of Melbourne, Australia have marked the history by introducing the system of working 8 hours a day in any industry. Trade Union Act later was commenced in 19th century (Gold Rush), legally by legislative to fights and negotiating for workers wages and working condition in industry with the higher management. The scope of this essay analyses employer association in connection to reduction of penalty rates as listed in Modern Awards. The Fair Work Commission proceeding for Penalty Rate case for employer association and their advocacies as well as their implications in reduction for employment growth and income equality is examined. This analysis is an important aspect of ways and means to manage people at work place and will help analyse the potential impacts in industrial systems. Penalty and Modern Reward The scope of introduction of Trade Union laws and other prominent aspects and systems within the industrial domain was to bring a standard for uniformity. Powerful trade unions had in mind that they need to reduce penalty rates and induce in a system that can commensurate wages paid to workers. Primary motive behind the introduction of law of trade union in Australia was to change the trend of low wages for all jobs and comparatively high working hours. They too wanted to bring in the system for workers to favor for overtime credit in terms of money(Mowbray, 2015). Trade union helped all standard workers to increment in wage rate along with fixed working hours as per Hawkes Accord (1970-80). As per Creighton report this law faced multi-complexity 1950. Australian companies generally make legal Enterprise bargaining agreement (EBA) between workers and management to avoid future disputes. As per Fair Work Act 2009, the fair commission at every four years interval conducts review in 3 s teps, dealing, issue and award stage. Later it had stated that Penalty should be dealt by separate legislative (17, March 2014) rather than as common issue(Barry, 2015). Jurisdiction submitted its final hearing of all cases 2015-2016 done on basis of evidences and submission of survey reports by eyewitnesses related to weekend and public holiday penalty and other issues in modern awards such as Restaurant Industry Award 2010, General Retail Award 2010 and so on. Thus, there was an option that was created to attend to penalty rates and create uniformity amongst workers. General public was given open invitation to participate in such cases to fight against or in favor of industry and workers penalty matter. The justice during hearing agreed to arguments in favor of workers regarding non penalty of wages for halting work during public holidays and others(Drahokoupil, 2014). This will affect the motivational part of employees toward their work. So full on Justice finally consider the of fer of awarding employees with extra overtime pay during extra effort and time put in for organisation during weekends and public holidays(Knox, 2009). From 1950 there has been much complexity for bargaining by Trade union for workers rights, due to high demanding from them. Employee Association and United voice was collecting cases with evidences to put before justice to assure during hearing that the modern award built is not favorable in working condition, but it has been finally denied by full on justice (Section 156). Court did not passes the proposal kept in front of justice by the Trade union to take some tests to confirm that the modern award does not fulfills modern awards Objectives as it takes to consider sec 156 which is not commission lookout to overcome circumstances(Craig, 2015). AI group from their point of view kept a proposal in court that has been taken for consideration that, we can extend the modern award it will be beneficial to fulfill its objective in a material form. The primary notion was to generate an effect for the workers at the industrial level who are paid daily wages systems. Additional remuneration should be appreciated to workers as per section 134(1) who performs their works with extra effort during weekends and public holidays. It has been passing taking into consideration that work done at this time, should be beneficial to the organisation and secondly it should be given extra remuneration at higher rate than that of daily fix during agreement(Ibrahim, 2016). Justice does not pass law in acceptance of extra work done during Saturday for few sectors, but sectors like Fast food, Retail, Pharmacy employees (Section 65 66) should be given extra pay for the time allotted to company during weekends to benefit them. Extra pay for the workers of fast food should increase and decrease as per their standard of work by the owner. Pubs and restaurant employees should be awarded to fulfill modern award objective during festive seasons late nights and extra duty hours(Wilkinson, 2010). Full on justice disagree to the proposal regarding Sunday overtime extra remuneration by stating justice that, maximum workers takes money of overtime on Sunday where there is less pressure for work compare to that of weekdays and Saturdays(Boxall, 2016). Full on justice finally decided to decrease the penalty rates in Hospitality and Retail rewards due to reasons discusses above in contest from 250 to 225 in case of full time and pass time and in casual 275 to 250. Full on justice particularly marked the reason of rate cut in pay due disutility hours spend in working on Sundays and other holidays. Saturday to be taken as general Working day and other changes were made for this(Fan, 2016). Common evidences collected from different groups and common people regarding penalty rates for working on Sundays and public holidays(Cooper, 2008). Productivity Commission Inquiry Report pinpointing specially for workplace relations framework also known as PC report, has differ totally to that of Full Benchs conclusion though it would have taken available with them reports as evidences like Rose and Sand report to that of employers and employees report which clearly shows and proves that reports submitted in any case is justifies for penalties to be levied for Sundays and Saturdays(Healy, 2016). Whereas on other side, Retail and hospitality management report states that, reduction in labor cost during weekends and other holidays is acceptable due to reduction in staff, lowering working hours and so on. Reduction in penalty rates can be seen as a positive initiative that can impact on productivity in employees. This can also promote income equality amongst employees leading to better performance and employee level satisfaction. Penalty rates should be reduced and more changes should be brought into being for effective and efficie nt management of workers unions and to avoid conflicts. The goal behind reduction and penalty rates was to create and generate a parity in income levels such that workers can benefit from them. Reasons and Conclusion Full on Justice after considering all the reports and evidences submitted by many groups to make changes in penalty rates for working on Sundays and other public holidays particularly favorable on Hospitability and Retail Awards. Full on Justice agreed to increase and decrease penalty rates on the basis of report submitted by PC as default approach for casual employees. As mentioned above casual employees should be awarded with 25 percentage extra money to that of full time and part time employees. These two industries Hospitality and retail differ in many ways in characteristics to that of other. Job openings for public are higher in sector like Hospitality, Entertainment, Retail, restaurants and cafes (HERRC). Workers of these companies tend to require working more on weekends and on holidays as it is opened for public entertainment more and extra profitable for companies. Chief justice showed extra concern and agreed to increase extra pay for those employees who work and earn day to day wages to earn bread for family. No extra pay been awarded to save money for future life. Therefore based on evidence report submitted by SDA and united voice to impose pay penalty for extra worked done on Sundays and public holiday days taking an individual point of view. Ordered by justice to straight away to rewarding workers of this level to give them bit relief from tough time. Workers who take away extra load of work home to mark as Sunday overtime to get overtime, was totally disagreed by judge. Finally it has been decided and finalized by Full on justice on based of all evidences that penalty changes on Sunday holidays will be in effect from 1 July 2017 and late night rewards reduction and increment started from March 2017. References Barry, M. 2015. Employer and employer association matters in Australia in 2015. . Journal of Industrial Relations, 0022185616634092. Boxall, P. a. 2016. Strategy and Human Resource Management, Third Edition. In Chapter 1 The Goals of Human Resource Management (pp. 1-33). Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Cooper, R. . 2008. The neoliberal state, trade unions and collective bargaining in Australia. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 532-554. Craig, L. . 2015. Nonstandard employment and nonwork activities, time alone and with others: Can weekend workers make up lost time?. . Journal of Industrial Relations, 3-23. Drahokoupil, J. 2014. Decision-making in multinational corporations: key issues in international business strategy. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 199-215. Fan, D. X. 2016. The paths of managing international human resources of emerging market multinationals: Reconciling strategic goal and control means. Human Resource Management Review, 298-310. Ferner, A. E. 2012. Power, institutions and the cross-national transfer of employment practices in multinationals. Human Relations, 163-187. Healy, J. 2016. The Australian labour market in 2015. . Journal of Industrial Relations, 308-323. Ibrahim, H. I. 2016. An empirical inquiry into the relationship between corporate governance and human resource management. Knox, A. 2009. Better the devil you know? An analysis of employers' bargaining preferences in the Australian hotel industry. Journal of Industrial Relations, 25-44. Mowbray, P. K. 2015. An integrative review of employee voice: Identifying a common conceptualization and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 382-400. Wilkinson, A. G. 2010. Conceptualizing employee participation in organizations.

The Contributors And Their Contributions To Modern Security Essay Example For Students

The Contributors And Their Contributions To Modern Security Essay The Contributors and their Contributions to Modern SecurityThe need for security has been around since the beginning of recorded time. Many came together in an effort to protect themselves and their belongings, from such threats as animals, weather and other humans. This grouping also made it easier to find food and satisfy their need for socialization. They donned weapons, erected walls, built barriers, and made laws, in an attempt to shield themselves from danger and fear. Humans evolved, as did their types of security, weaponry and barriers. Often, rulers selected individuals to aid in the enforcement of laws, as well as provide security for the ruler himself. Many of those individuals were men chosen from the military, which were often ruthless, and dangerous. The Romans relied upon the military force of the legions. To place the military on a stable foundation and disperse the power that the legions held, Augustus, the Emperor of Rome, created The Praetorian Guard, a type of bod yguard police, The Urban Cohorts, which were comprised of soldiers with police and military duties. Also, The Vigiles, large groups of firefighter police. We will write a custom essay on The Contributors And Their Contributions To Modern Security specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now During the Middle Ages, the Serfs, working for Noblemen, who answered to the King, worked the land, provided arms and fought in the Kings’ wars. In exchange, the Serfs received food and security from the noblemen. Anglo-Saxons brought the idea of mutual responsibility for protection of individuals. Tithings, a Grouping of ten families, collectively assumed responsibility for maintaining law and order. The tithing system was later replaced with the Frankpledge system after the Norman Conquest. The Frankpledge system demanded that all free Englishman swear to keep the peace. The Magna Charta, challenged the feudal system during King John’s reign as his lords revolted and forced him to sign, giving all Englishmen â€Å"due process† of law. The Magna Charta is the basis for modern justice. The Statute of Westminster formalized the practice in criminal justice and apprehension of criminals. The watch and ward system required townsmen to patrol the cities during the night, while the constables patrolled during the day. Those who did not serve were placed in the stocks. The hue and cry system served as alarm for the citizens of the town or city. When a criminal resisted the watchman cried out and the people of the town came to his aid. Enforcement of the hue and cry was brought about by the assize of arms, which required every male between fifteen and sixty years of age to keep a weapon in the home as a â€Å"harness to keep the peace.† Many merchants were not satisfied with the quality of the protection provided them, therefore they hired private police. These private police guarded their businesses, investigated crimes, and recovered stolen property. Oliver Cromwell attempted to use his army as a police force as a means of crime prevention. There was no effective police mechanism between the people and his army. Therefore, the people resisted and the watch and ward system remained the primary crime control procedure until the industrial revolution. The Industrial Revolution of England brought about many changes. Famine hit the rural community, forcing many into the cities to find jobs at mills and factories. Crime intensified within the cities brought on by the countless poverty stricken people trying to survive. Furthermore, Political extremists triggered angry mobs, which caused riots. Because there was no organized police to handle riots, a magistrate ordered the â€Å"Riot Act† and called in the military. In London, 1748 Henry Fielding was made the Chief Magistrate of Bow Street. During this period of time there was no police force. He was known for his leniency in dealing with petty theft. He also wrote and published pamphlets about the poverty in London, and the causes of the rising crime. Fielding envisioned an idea that the p eople may join forces, go out into the streets, and stop crime before it had a chance to cause ruin. .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 , .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 .postImageUrl , .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 , .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53:hover , .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53:visited , .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53:active { border:0!important; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53:active , .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53 .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c3d3dd0c74cbcda8b95d3ae8a07db53:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bioethics EssayFielding chose six men to form a volunteer force. These men â€Å"swept clean† the Bow Street area. Many were arrested, and the rest fled from the neighborhood. Even after Henry Fielding’s death, his brother John carried on his ideas. The Bow Street volunteers eventually became a professional outfit known as the Bow Street Runners, the first detective agency in England. In 1785, William Pitt proposed a bill to establish a strong police force, to act through out the city. The bill was rejected by the press, the public and the justices and was defeated. Another attempt at reform in 1792, his Middlesex Justice bill established seven public offices, each having three paid magistrates, and six paid constables. Patrick Colquhoun was one of the magistrates under Pitt’s Justice bill. Colquhoun offered â€Å" A Treatise on the Police of Metropolis† and showed startling statistics pointing out the need for a large police force, and also believed in separating the police from judicial power. His treatise was a milestone in using statistics in correlation with crime. Sir Robert Peel, â€Å"the father of modern policing†, originated the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829. The police were appointed and paid by the city, and their objective was to be the prevention of crime. Sir Robert Peel had nine principles regarding the police:? The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. ? The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions. ? Police must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. ? The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force. ? Police seek and preserve public favour not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. ? Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient. ? Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention t o duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence. ? Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary. ? The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it. Although the objective was on crime prevention, the focus eventually turned to investigation and apprehension of criminals. Therefore, the need for private police was still great. Allen Pinkerton was one of the developers of the railroad police, as well as contract security forces. He was appointed the deputy sheriff of Cook County, and in 1843, Chicago’s first detective. Pinkerton later resigned his position due to economic pressure. He then started the Pinkerton National Detective agency, and focused on apprehending railroad criminals, and setting up security systems for railroads. During the Civil War, Pinkerton was called on by President Lincoln to establish a secret service department, where he did intelligence work for the Union Army. In the 1860’s and 70’s Pinkerton’s agency received National attention by apprehending train robbers and bandits. Currently Pinkerton Inc. is the largest private security organization in the U.S. It became a public corporation in 1965 and continues to grow annually. *Quotes taken from Introduction to Private Security And Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice 6th ed. by Karen M. Hess Henry M. Wrobleski. Legal Issues

History of the Non

History of the Non Introduction Non profit organizations have always been considered as voluntary organizations that are officiated by private contributions. They are also regarded as silent contributors to the welfare of the public as well as the personal interests of individuals in society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Non-Profit Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main difference between non-profit and profit organizations is that profit organizations core obligation is to gross income and reallocate assessable wealth to the workforce as well as the shareholders while non-profit organizations core obligation is to provide self-beneficial and self preservation programs and services. Consequently it is common to find volunteer human resources as well as volunteer executives who perform various roles without receiving any form of reparation. Charitable organizations, trade unions, public arts organizations as well as several other governments and government agencies all form examples of non-profit organizations which are sometimes referred as not-for-profit organizations. Due to the self-interest goals perpetuated by these organizations as well as their role in society, most nations choose to exempt NPOs from revenue and property duty since the governments fail to execute or enforce policies proposed by the NPOs. In essence, non-profit organizations are able to make a profit which is referred to as surplus and calculated at the end of every fiscal year; these earnings are retained as working capital for the internal mechanisms of the organization as well as further expansion plans rather than being distributed as dividend, shares or debentures. In most cases, NPOs use the surplus funds to hire new staff, reward the internal corporate leadership through bonuses and benefits. The mid- level management staff along with the entire human resource of the NPOs also receive incentives at the end of the year through the surplus funds. This essay aims at discussing the history of non profit organizations as well as the transformations that have taken place in the organizations over the years. A history of Non profit organizations According to Kranshinsky (1996), the non profit sector has existed in Europe and the United States since the eighteenth century though the organizations have only recently become prominent and a widely accepted aspect of the western society. The organizations’ initial operation system was strictly for charitable reasons meaning the non profit organizations in the 18th and 19th centuries never carried out business transactions. The non profit organizations of the early period depended entirely on funds donated by the financiers (Morris, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A survey in America revealed that there were slig htly more than 12,000 charitable tax-exempt organizations that had no religious support while currently more than half a million of such organizations exist in America alone(Hammack, 2002). The department of trade was initially responsible for authorizing non profit organizations on behalf of the government though congress and state legislatures were later given that mandate as well as the power to establish which sort of non-profit organizations meet the requirements to be excused from paying taxes. In the 1960s, there was a rise in the number of non profit organizations in third world countries as an increasing number of communities were identified as needy either through education, food, clothing or shelter (Hammack, 2002). As a consequence, the number of NPOs in South America, Africa and Asia almost doubled in a span of less than ten years (Kranshinsky, 1996). In addition, the discovery of fatal untreatable diseases such as AIDS, Ebola, and cancer among other diseases acted as a catalyst for the augmentation of NPOs that sought to research on specific diseases and provide a cure or disease management programs (Morris, 2000). Affluent members of the public were encouraged to provide support and promote several other non profit organizations (Powell Steinberg, 2006). The responsibility of NPOs is basically to provide social services and attend to the requirements of a community such poverty, unemployment, and relief. Therefore the increasing number of non profit organizations is an indicator that the number of people that depend on non-profit organizations for aid and relief is greater than before (Morris, 2000). With reference to Morris (2000), the management and governance of non profit organizations has undergone constant transformation since their inception. Initially, NPOs were not allowed to have members and hence were made up of a self governing board that controlled all the operations of the organizations. The NPOs were permitted to function as trus ts hence activities such decision-making by the management, conflicts of interest and self-dealing were strictly prohibited (Kranshinsky, 1996). The implementation of the American Bar Associations Model Nonstock Corporation Statute by the United States in the late 20th century expanded the jurisdiction of NPOs as far as permissible activities were concerned. According to Hammack (2002), the most notable change during this period was the modification of the fiduciary standard from one of trust to a business standard, and hence non profit organizations were permitted to have members basically function similar to for-profit organizations (Powell Steinberg, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Non-Profit Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The change in standard was significant since in actual fact made dissimilarities between nonprofit and for-profit institutions vague enough for the two types of organizations to have almost similar operational systems. Consequently, the legal description of a nonprofit organization has also been stretched out to consist of any activity or entity that does not entail the sharing of surplus profit in the form of dividends (Morris, 2000). Legislatures have been instrumental in altering the definition as well as the roles, tasks, and authority of nonprofit organizations in an attempt by the government to settle legal expansions with existing social and economic activities (Kranshinsky, 1996). The late twentieth century brought about fresh perspectives and ideologies that were viewed to have the potential to facilitate NPOs in realizing their corporate objectives more successfully through the application of various structures that were intended for profit organizations (Salamon Anheier, 1996). Some of the proposed changes are effective internal management, enhanced accountability for all levels of the organization and performance screen of the various departments or tasks so as to utilize the human and financial resources available(Powell Steinberg, 2006). Such transformational changes necessitate a change in management and the general operation of the organization leading to the running of NPOs as for-profit organizations (Morris, 2000). Non profit organization Values The Non profit organizations have operated under different value systems since their inception though there are two values which seem to stand out through out the history of nonprofits and have been found to be also applicable in the current situation (Morris, 2000). These values are: Justification of public good and utility, and public representation. Discussing the values; will give insight to the historical transition NPOs have undergone as well as understand the fundamental responsibilities of NPOs (Salamon Anheier, 1996). Justification of public good and utility This value according to Drucker deals with providing an outline to the correlation of non profit organizations to the requirements and principles of the society (Drucker, 1990). Basically the value entails offering transparency in relation to the functions of the organization, the responsibility of the organization to community in addition to the way the needs of society have changed over time (Hammack, 2002). In addition, the value directs the leadership of the organization on how to endorse the excellence of the organization to the public as well as the level of association required when relating to sponsors, administration units as well as other influential bodies in order to evenly distribute clout (Salamon Anheier, 1996). This value essentially provokes the organizational leadership to work as guides to society in order to easily identify and resolve pertinent issues.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The value of public representation This value is concerned with the subject of diversity and stakeholder management. In addition this value also deals with the individuals and the means liable of classifying relations between nonprofit organizations and the society (Drucker, 1990). The identity of stakeholders also comes into focus under this value where the individuality and the different perspectives of the stakeholders have to be clear in order to provide guidance and direction to the NPOs (Salamon Anheier, 1996). Public representation is not the same as factual representation by stakeholders neither is it a representative structure, despite the fact that both positions may be applied by a particular organization (Drucker, 1990). This value was put in place to provoke the leadership; to insure that the different points of view that exemplify the organizations community are accessible by the organization and exploration of the perceptions also takes place. Hammack (2002) asserts that the organization should seek to nurture evocative diversity among its members and subjects rather than have an analogous discernment from its members. Theories regarding the establishment of nonprofit organizations The theories about the creation of NPOs are based on the conventional perception of a rational choice where commonly available goods and services are the most prominent factor. There are several different theories that attempt to explain the history of non-profit organizations as well as their ability to meet the society’s demand for public goods. The theory of the (Market / State) Failure is the most outstanding theory and the naissance requirement of this theory is the supposition that the operation of market is imperfect since performing markets have several deficits which prevent the saturation of all the needs in society(Kranshinsky, 1996). In addition, societies prefer to acquire public goods for free hence the production of public goods is not profitabl e and consequently there is a shortage of market subjects. Usually the state or the public administration in democratic systems intervene by paying for the goods through the public budget as long as the majority of voters agree to the production of particular public goods(Powell Steinberg, 2006). Whereas only a minority agrees, production of public goods ceases leading to the prevalence of numerous unsaturated needs and demands on public goods. Consequently, NPOs start being established to provide services and goods that neither state nor market is able to provide to society. Theory of Confidence is another hypothesis that argues that the establishment of NPOs is due to failures of the market in creating reliable environment for implementing trade (Morris, 2000). According to Salamon Anheier (1996), the low circulation of information regarding the quality of goods and services from the supplier breeds mistrust and low confidence on the goods and services leading to contractual fai lure. According to Powell Steinberg (2006), the consumer as a result tends to go for NPOs since they do not operate with the aim of making excessive profit and therefore it is improbable they would try to deceive the consumer. The final supposition is the Welfare State Theory which according to Kranshinsky (1996) significantly alters the scholarly view regarding the importance of NPOs in society. This theory classifies NPOs as pre-modern systems vital for resolving social problems (Drucker, 1990). NPOs under such circumstances normally arise in conventional society sine its inception, where there is no public administration or the administration is not yet completely developed to function effectively (Powell Steinberg, 2006). The industrialization and state social policy, however, brought about several changes that greatly reduced the significance of NPOs since the state and government took on most of the responsibilities previously held by NPOs. It is this development that led sc holars to assume that NPOs might gradually fade away especially after the improvement of the public administration. Deeper scrutiny of this theory by Powell Steinberg (2006) reveals the implications as well as the reasons of the establishment and incessant subsistence of NPOs in the contemporary modern environment is mainly a common practice rather than the failure of state to perform accordingly through the imperfections identified in the services provided by the state (Morris, 2000). To the contrast, it is to a certain extent the deficiency of state or else the fact that the duties of the state are still not yet fully effective that has led to the emergence and continuous existence of NPOs (Kranshinsky, 1996). The final view is that in the fields where the state has already taken a fundamental role, it succeeds in providing for communities and is even more effective than NPOs in affording services (Salamon Anheier, 1996). Consequently, the expansion of the supporting role of the state and the effectiveness of the state in dispensing its duties is likely to place the state ahead of other organizations in the public eye and hence slowly NPOs will be replaced by the state in the community and public support fields. Conclusion The global nonprofit sector altogether has a wide historical facet that has played a critical role in establishing the mandate of NPOs currently in operation. The state and federal laws have changed over time and the amendment of these laws has constantly identified the roles to be played by both nonprofit firms as well as nonprofit organizations and the laws have also determined the type of leadership and membership the organizations will have. The laws on the other hand have been influenced by factors such as conflicts of individual freedom, the position of the government on NPOs, the position of different religious groups, races, social customs, income groups, gender, as well as the availability and demand of public goods and services . The clear position however is that the number of NPOs have increased through out history with the total number of nonprofit employees in the U.S. workforce for instance having grown from 0.7% to 1.4% in the early 20th century and from 3% in the mid 20th century to 9% at the turn of the 21st century. The main reason for such an increase in the staff and capacity of NPOs has been the emerging and expanding public needs through out the world. For instance, education in the early 1900 was not a priority and hence no NPOs were involved in providing education to the community. In addition, the gradual increase in the government’s financial support to the sector, increase in consumer wealth as well as the amendments done on individual rights have helped the NPO sector to secure its role in the society. References Drucker, P. (1990). Managing the Non-Profit Organization: Practices and Principles. New York: HarperCollins. Hammack, D. (2002). Nonprofit Organizations in American Histo ry. American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 45, No. 11, 1638-1674. Kranshinsky, M. (1996). Transaction Costs and a Theory of the Nonprofit Organization. In: Rose-Ackerman Susan. The Economics of Nonprofit Institutions. New York: Oxford University Press. Morris, S. (2000). Defining the Nonprofit Sector: Some Lessons from History. International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, Vol.11, No. 1, pp. 25-43. Powell, W. and Steinberg, R. (2006). The nonprofit sector: a research handbook. Web. Salamon, L. and Anheier, H. (1996). Social origins of civil society: Explaining the nonprofit sector cross-nationally. Web.

Inaugural Address of Barack Obama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Inaugural Address of Barack Obama - Essay Example The most successful use of addressing the emotional needs of the American audience was the clever interplay of words. The way he also appealed to the audience’s emotion and logic was a combination of arguments, evidence, and language. The use of such emotion-generating phrases like â€Å"gathering clouds and raging storms†, â€Å"noble ideas†, â€Å"the greatness of our nation†, and â€Å"bitter swill of civil war and segregation† (Obama, We Seek A New Way Forward) in his speech are consistent, effectively, and cleverly infused throughout the various subjects that he was discussing that his attempt to persuade his audience by tapping into their emotions was prevalent throughout the speech that it blended so well it sounded natural. Moreover, the prudent usages of such phrases are not abused in the sense that Obama relies solely on them. Rather he used it as a way to simplify the concepts he was trying to address in a manner that the average American could understand. Obama’s emotional appeal was an appeal for solidarity, acceptance, loyalty, and most of all patriotism in spite of the diversity of the American people by reiterating the commonalities and shared experiences. Shared social struggles throughout history of Americans as a people of migrants and how these struggles are continuing today for current migrants who â€Å"toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth† (Obama, We Seek A New Way Forward)   and shared economic burden that Americans are experiencing across all walks of life in almost all business sectors. These commonalities are highlighted in an attempt to forge cooperation through shared experiences, shared history, shared sentiments, shared values, and a common vision.  Ã‚  

Illegal immigrant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Illegal immigrant - Essay Example This can be accomplished by granting amnesty, making legalization easier and quicker, deporting the illegal citizens who are in America without being of value to the workforce, and by fixing it so that businesses cannot take advantage of these hardworking people. There are millions of undocumented immigrants currently in the United States (Welch 1), many of which are here to work. It has been determined that it would be expensive and impossible to deport them all back to their home countries. Therefore, a smart solution would be to grant amnesty to the illegal immigrants already here. Amnesty would allow them to be pardoned for their criminal offense of being illegal in this country. Since they have already spent time working in the country, doing what they would be doing if they have legal residence in America, amnesty would make it so that they would not be in trouble for being illegally in the United States. The reason that these illegal immigrants are here is to take on the jobs and lifestyles of legal immigrants and native citizens (Welch 1). It would only make sense to allow amnesty for those that are already here, as long as they have proven to be hard workers that are serious about their citizenship. This can be proven based on how they have worked while living here and by obtaining testimony from their employers. Unfortunately, not all illegal immigrants are here for a better life, and so this process of amnesty must be done carefully to avoid granting pardon to someone who has caused trouble for this country. Amnesty should only be given to those that have proven to be hard workers and have not gotten into criminal trouble while in America. Some illegal immigrants are only in America to take advantage of rights and privileges that are only granted to citizens, and these are the people that should not be granted amnesty. The illegal immigrants that have shown that they can work and act like Americans should not be punished for their attempts. Similar t o granting amnesty to the illegal immigrants who are working hard, illegal immigrants that are not working in this country or have gotten in trouble with the law should be deported. This will drastically decrease the amount of illegal immigrants that do need to be deported, making it easier and cheaper on American citizens, while presenting more opportunities to the undocumented citizens that truly want to be a part of this country. Deportation should be used for illegal immigrants who want the benefits of being in America without wanting to be American or without following the rules. However, this should not get in the way of illegal immigrants who really want to belong to this country. Also, after the eligible illegal immigrants have been granted amnesty, they need to be provided with ways to make it easier to obtain their American citizenship since that is why they are in the country to begin with - to belong. Many immigrants become discouraged at the thought of how long the lega lization process can take, which can take anywhere from five years to ten years, and possibly longer (Anderson 18). This discouragement is often what causes immigrants to enter the United States illegally. They want the benefits of being a citizen and they want to show that they can work even harder than American citizen

Story Murderers Walk Essay Example for Free

Story Murderers Walk Essay In the story murderers walk, Gary Kilworth conveys his ideas on law and justice very effectively by using narrative voice, narrative structure, setting, use of language, plot and characterisation. The central premise of this story is that natural justice should and will always prevail. The plot of this story is a game. You are introduced in the exposition to murderers walk, a free city state with no law. Kilworth explains about the elated feelings of criminals that have escaped the law, which leads on to an explanation of the game they play in the inns. Groups of nine murderers play a card game to decide their own death sentences. The loser, the player receiving the ace of spades must commit suicide within 24 hours. We are introduced to our main character that remains nameless throughout. He is a newcomer, who begins to play the game to feel that rush of adrenaline at escaping death again. We reach the climax as he loses. 24 hours of pure hell, thinking about death, before his life is over. Then denouement, just before death another player enters with two jokers and the game is declared void. The resolution being you are dragged kicking and screaming to play another game and relive the torture. The narrative voice of the story is quite unconventional. It is told in second person, and in the present tense, which makes it direct and involves the reader which is very effective as it makes the reader want to continue reading the story. The unconventional way in which the story is told conveys how unconventional the justice system is in Murderers walk. There are no laid out laws but justice is still carried out by nature. Narrative structure in Murderers Walk is in the style of the rules of a game which is ironic because in the story there are no rules, this suggests that Gary Kilworth believes rules are needed in society. If there are no rules then humanity will simply create some showing the power of imagination and that natural justice will prevail eventually. The story usurps the readers expectations. At the beginning of the story, in the first paragraph, the last line says it is not unusual to see a man or woman being dragged, or driven, or forcibly carried. Sometimes they are screaming; sometimes they are stiff with fear. This reader automatically assumes that the character in question is being taken to their death but this is wrong and only as you reach the end of the story do you discover this. The last paragraph says They have stolen your death from you That is when they drag you along the street kicking and screaming, like a man being led to his execution. This clearly conveys Kilworths opinion on law and justice. Natural justice will always prevail, even though the criminals can escape death they go through a worse torture having their deaths stolen from them as they were ready to die. Now they have to play the game again and undergo all the stress and tension again. During the whole of Murderers Walk there is no mention of dates or times. There is a mention of cobbled streets and old houses that overhang the alleys which suggests it may be set in Tudor or Stuart times but then there are still many streets now that have Tudor/Stuart buildings in them so it is quite possible it could be set anytime. It is like the place has been frozen in time. Because its a lawless place it doesnt keep up with everyone elses time, its a law unto itself. This emphasises the eeireness and the feelings of terror and fear. This shows Kilworths view of the law and its failings. It cant control everything, and it never will, nature will always be a law unto itself eventually. Kilworths uses powerful language to great effect. He uses strong words to create powerful images, for example the pallor of your distended face: purple perhaps? Your eyes, huge balls easing out of their sockets? Your tongue hanging long between blue lips? You weep. Your head is full of a thousand active thoughts, each one a nightmare. These words create a powerful atmosphere of fear. Showing how natural justice can be just as bad, worse even than human laws. Gary Kilworth uses numerous words relating to law and justice, like refuge, justice, law, escaped, rules, execution, guilt, fear, sanctuary, victims, and innocent. These words are repeated all through the story hinting at the theme of the story and continuously suggesting Kilworths views on law and justice. It is ironic how Murderers walk is described as a sanctuary. Leave the city-state and the sanctuary of Murderers Walk to take Sanctuary means safe and holy whereas Murderers walk is perhaps the exact opposite, it is a haven for criminals and its quite dangerous considering the games they play. This adds to the dark atmosphere Kilworth is trying to create. The setting he creates is dark and sinister. Its cobbles, slick even on dry days, tread the malefactors who have run to its shadows to escape the rope He tries and succeeds to put across a hostile setting to show that natural justice can be just as effective and worse than normal justice. No attention is given to character details in this story. We arent even given names. This adds mystery to the plot. Only one character is mentioned singly, the main character. All we are told about him is that he is a murderer that has escaped the law, we dont know who he murdered or how. All the other characters in the story are only mentioned collectively. During the story the characters dont interact at all except through the game. Its as though theyve become nothing, they live only for the adrenaline rush of the game and theyre all just waiting to die. Kilworth lets the reader get to know the character through his emotions rather than letting the reader know all the details of the characters life and the reader immediately stereotyping him. Its a very effective way of writing. It emotionally involves the reader rather than them just learning about the characters, he tries to bring the reader into the story. The place is empty of emotions yet at the same time full of them. The limited usage of characterisation makes the place seem hostile and uncaring which simply re-emphasises that natural justice is just as bad as human law and that justice will always prevail. Gary Kilworth conveys his ideas on law and justice effectively from the beginning to the end of the story. He uses many words throughout Murderers Walk relating to law and justice, such as execution, guilt and death. He uses narrative voice in an unconventional way. He directly involves the reader by using second person, drawing them into the dark, dank, terrifying underworld of criminals. He structures the story like the rules of game, like societies rules, except theyve created their own. He creates a hostile setting which is very effective in proving his point that natural justice can be worse than government law. He effectively puts across that natural justice will prevail. He blends a mix of menacing pictures and dark meanings to show everything resolves itself in the end. Although the justice is very unconventional, the criminals in the story get what they really deserve in many ways. Their torment forces them to try and cheat death until they are released by death. So in Murderers walk, Kilworth shows an innovative and effective way to show that justice finds its own way in the end.

Been Trees :: essays research papers

The Bean Trees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver, many social issues are discussed. One social issue that is addressed is adoption. Adopting a child is an experience that promises to bring great joy as it changes a couple or individual’s life forever. Adoption offers a chance at a new beginning for many children previously cared for by orphanages and foster homes. Families constitute the building blocks of society. They provide children with the love and security needed to grow into healthy adults. This paper will discuss how Kingsolver illustrates adoption in her novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taylor was sitting in Cynthia’s office with Turtle. It was their third week of seeing her. Turtle was talking again, after the incident in the park. As the history of Taylor and Turtle slowly began to seep out of Taylor, Cynthia has no choice but to inform Taylor that she has no legal claim to Turtle because she has no papers on Turtle. She cannot prove the way she got Turtle. Taylor, felt that if she has no claim to Turtle then no one else should either. The state of Arizona would take Turtle into custody. Taylor, depending on how long she had been a resident in the state, and depending on her income and stability, might be able to adopt Turtle in the future. Taylor does not know how to respond to this news. She is beginning to think that she will not be a good mother for Turtle. Kingsolver expresses how people may get discouraged, but they are somehow encouraged by the people around them. She conveys this message through the way Taylor feels about her role in Turtle’s life. However, the people in her life help her to realize her love and need for this child. I believe this is a common problem faced by many people who want to adopt. They begin to doubt whether they would be good parents. They have many questions that they need to consider. For example,will they feel like the child’s parents? Or would they treat an adopted child differently than their birth child? Most importantly, will they be able to handle the emotions, if and when, their child wants to meet their birth family? These fears come between the questions and the answers. It thrives on the unknown. In most, the fear is turned around, as exemplified in Taylor’s case.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another scene that articulates adoption is the scene with Mr. Armistead. Taylor, Turtle, Estevan and Esperanza were all together.

Sample design for Blackberry

In sampling, an element is the object (or person) about which or from which the information is desired. In survey research, the element is usually the respondent. A population Is the total of all the elements that share some common set of characterlstlcs. Element: Objects that possess the information the researcher seeks and about which the researcher will make inferences. Population: The aggregate of all elements, sharing some common set of characteristics, that comprise the universe for the purpose of the marketing research roblem.The researcher can obtain Information about population parameters by taking either a census or a sample. Census: a complete enumaration of the elements of a population or study objects. Sample: A subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study. sample Large Time available Population size the characteristics Conditions Favoring the use of Factors census Budget Short Large Small small Long Small Variance in Large Cost of s ampling error High Cost of nonsampllng errors High Low Nature of measurement Nondestructive Attention to individual cases NoAdvantages of Sampling Sampling saves time and money Sampling saves labor. Destructive Yes A sample coverage permits a higher overall level of adequacy than a full enumeration. Complete census Is often unnecessary, wasteful. and the burden on the public. 1) Define the Population: Sampling design begins by specifying the target population, which should be defined in terms of elements, sampling units, extent and time frame. Population/Target population: This is any complete, or the theoretically specified aggregation of study elements. It is usually the ideal population or universe to which esearch results are to be generalized.Survey population: This is an operational definition of the target population; that is target population with explicit exclusions-for example the population accessible, excluding those outside the country. Element (similar to unit of analy sis): This is that unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis. In survey research, elements are people or certain types of people. Sampling unit: This is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling (same as the elements, in a simple single-stage sample).In a ulti-stage sample, the sampling unit could be blocks, households, and individuals within the households. Extent: This refers to geographical boundaries. Time frame: The time frame is the time period of interest. In our case; Population/ target population = Blackberry users Survey population = Blackberry users between the age of 18-24, which refers to university students regarding the demographical factors. Elements = Blackberry users who are university students Sampling Unit = Blackberry users in the Business Administration Faculty of Istanbul University. Extent = Business Administration Faculty of Istanbul UniversityTime Frame = 2 weeks between 4-15 N ovember Given the large size of the target population and limited time and money, it was clearly not TeaslDle to Intervlew tne entlre BlacKDerry users, tnat Is, to take a census. So a sample was taken, and a subgroup of the population was selected for participation in the research. Our sample/ subgroup can be seen above. 2) Determine the Sampling Frame: A sampling frame is a representation of the elements of the target population. To be specific, this is the actual list of sampling units from which the sample, or some stage of the sample, is selected.It is simply a list of the study population. Sampling frame of our case = List of the students in the Business Administration Faculty of Istanbul University. 3) Select a Sampling Technique: Selecting a sampling technique involves choosing nonprobability or probability sampling. Nonprobability sampling : relies on the personal Judgement of researcher, rather than chance in selecting sample elements. Convenience Sampling: as the name impl ies, involves obtaining a sample of elements based on the convenience of the researcher. The selection of sampling units is left primarily to the interviewer.Convenience sampling has the advantages of being both inexpensive and fast. Additionally, the sampling units tend to be accessible, easy to measure, and cooperative. Judgement Sampling: The researcher selects the sample based on Judgement. This is usually and extension of convenience sampling. For example, a researcher may decide to draw the entire sample from one â€Å"representative† city, even though the population includes all cities. When using this method, the researcher must be confident that the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire population.Quota Sampling: introduces two stages to the Judgemental sampling process. The first stage consists of developing control categories, or quotas, of population elements. Using Judgement to identify relevant categories such as age, sex, or race, the researcher e stimates the distribution of these characteristics in the target population. Once the quotas have been assigned, the second stage of the sampling process takes place. Elements are selected using a convenience of Judgement process. Considerable freedom exists in selecting the elements to be included in the sample.The only requirement is that the elements that are selected fit the control characteristics. Snowball sampling: is a special nonprobability method used when the desired sample characteristic is rare. It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations. Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects. While this technique can dramatically lower search costs, it comes at the expense of introducing bias because the technique itself reduces tne II population.Kellnooa tnat tne sample wlll represent a good ross section Trom tne Probability sampling: in this kind sampling elements are selected by ch ance, that is, randomly. The probability of selecting each potential sample from a population can be prespecified. Simple Random Sampling: is the purest form of probability sampling. Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected. When there are very large populations, it is often difficult or impossible to identify every member of the population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased. Systematic Random Sampling: is often used instead of random sampling.It is also alled an Nth name selection technique. After the required sample size has been calculated, every Nth record is selected from a list of population members. As long as the list does not contain any hidden order, this sampling method is as good as the random sampling method. Its only advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic sampling is frequently used to select a specified number of records from a computer file. Stratified Random Sampling: is commonly use d probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error.A stratum is a subset of the opulation that share at least one common characteristic. Examples of stratums might be males and females, or managers and non-managers. The researcher first identifies the relevant stratums and their actual representation in the population. Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient number of subjects from each stratum. â€Å"Sufficient† refers to a sample size large enough for us to be reasonably confident that the stratum represents the population. Stratified sampling is often used when one or more of the stratums in the population have a low incidence relative to the other stratums.Cluster Sampling: may be used when it is either impossible or impractical to compile an exhaustive list of the elements that make up the target population. Usually, however, the population elements are already grouped into subpopulations and lists of those subpopulatio ns already exist or can be created. For example, let's say the target population in a study was church members in the United States. There is no list of all church members in the country. The researcher could, however, create a list of churches in the United States, choose a sample of churches, and then obtain lists f members from those churches. ) Determine the Sample Size: The statistical approaches to determining sample size are based on confidence intervals. These approaches may involve the estimation of the mean or proportion. When estimating the mean, determination of sample size using a confidence interval approach requires a specification of precision level, confidence level, and population standard deviation. In the case of proportion, the precision level, confidence level, and an estimate of the population proportion must De speclTlea. I ne sample size aetermlnea statlstlcally represents ne Tlnal or net sample size that must be achieved.In order to achieve this final sampl e size, a much greater number of potential respondents have to be contacted to account for reduction in response due to incidence rates and completion rates. Non-response error arises when some of the potential respondents included in the sample did not respond. The primary causes of low response rates are refusals and not-at-homes. Refusal rates may be reduced by prior notification, motivating the respondents, incentives, proper questionnaire design and administration, and follow- up. The percentage of not-at-homes can be substantially reduced by callbacks.Adjustments for non-response can be made by subsampling non-respondents, replacement, substitution, subjective estimates, trend analysis, weighting, and imputation. The statistical estimation of sample size is even more complicated in international marketing research, as the population variance may differ from one country to the next. A preliminary estimation of population variance for the purpose of determining the sample size a lso has ethical ramifications. The Internet and computers can assist n determining the sample size and adjusting it to a count for expected incidence and completion rates.Sampling distribution: the distribution of the values of a sample statistic computed for each possible sample that could be drawn from the target population under a specified sampling plan. Statistical inference: the process of generalizing the sample results to the population results. Normal distribution: a basis for classical statistical inference that is bell shaped and symmetrical and appearance. Its measures of central tendency are all identical. Standard error: the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean or proportion.Z values: the number of standard errors in point is away from the mean Incidence rate: the rate of occurrence of persons eligible to participate in a study expressed as a percentage Completion rate: the percentage of qualified respondents to complete the interview. It enables researchers to take into account anticipated refusals by people who qualify Substitution: a procedure that substitutes for nonrespondents other elements from the sampling frame that are expected to respond I rena analysis: a metnoa 0T a0Justlng Tor nonresponaents In wnlcn tne researcner tries to discern a trend between early and late respondents.This trend is projected to nonrespondents to estimate their characteristic of interest Weighting: statistical procedure that attempts to account for non-response by assigning differential weight to the data depending on the response rate Imputation: a method to adjust for non-response by assigning to characteristic of interest to the nonrespondents based on the similarity of the variables available for both nonrespondents and respondents.